Introduction: Anorectal fistulas, often stemming from perianal abscess drainage, are connections between the anorectal canal and the perianal region, with an average incidence of 8.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. Patients usually present with draining fistulae accompanied by severe symptoms, necessitating surgical intervention to prevent recurrence and incontinence. During the COVID-19 pandemic, proctological disorders have lost priority, leading to expedited diagnoses and treatments. Objectives: To conduct a temporal analysis of anorectal fistula treatment in Brazil over the past decade and identify its relationship with the pandemic. Method: A cross-sectional, documentary, and quantitative study with a sample of 102,666 procedures for closure of rectal fistula and anal fistulectomy/fistulotomy reported in the SIH/SUS between 2014-2023, available from the Department of SUS Statistics. Variables were evaluated based on the number of approved Hospital Admission Authorizations (AIH) and the nature of the care provided. Results: The number of procedures reached its minimum in 2020 (6,583), 44.9% fewer than in 2019 (11,955), attributed to reduced demand for elective care during the pandemic. Despite the overall decrease, the proportion of urgent procedures increased from 14.8% in 2019 to 25.3% in 2021, possibly due to worsening cases resulting from delayed diagnoses, without demonstrating to be a risk factor for disease recurrence. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the number of anorectal fistula treatments in the first two years of the pandemic, with a relative increase in the number of these procedures in urgent situations, indicating greater severity of cases at the time of intervention.