This article analyzes the nurse’s role in preventing vertical transmission of HTLV 1/2 in light of recent recommendations issued by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This is a critical and systematized literature review based on official documents and studies published between 2021 and 2026. Priority was given to materials addressing prenatal screening, diagnostic confirmation, breastfeeding cessation, mode of delivery, compulsory notification and maternal and child care. The findings indicate that the incorporation of prenatal testing into the Brazilian Unified Health System and the 2025 technical notes have expanded nursing responsibilities in early identification, counseling, epidemiological surveillance and follow up of exposed children. It is concluded that nurses occupy a strategic position in implementing these recommendations, as they connect clinical care, health education, emotional support and continuity of care.